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Chemical dependence; sometimes defined in terms of physiological dependence
as evidenced by tolerance and withdrawal; at other times defined in terms of
impairment in social and occupational functioning resulting from the
pathological and repeated use of a substance. In the latter, tolerance and
withdrawal symptoms may be present but are not essential. The behaviors and
effects associated with substance dependence include taking of the substance to
relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms; taking of larger amounts or using over a
longer period than intended; unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control intake;
interference with meeting major role obligations at work, school, or home;
recurrent use in situations when it poses a physical hazard (e.g., driving,
operating machinery); or substance use taking precedence over important social,
occupational, or recreational activities.
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