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Those
accepted, established, evident, visible, and respected forces, social arrangements, institutions, structures, policies, precedents and systems of
social relations that operate and are manipulated in such a way as to allow, support, or
acquiesce to acts of individual racism and to deprive certain
racially identified categories within a society a chance to share, have equal access to,
or have equal opportunity to acquire those things, material and nonmaterial, that are
defined as desirable and necessary for rising in an hierarchical class
society while that society is dependent, in
part, upon that group they deprive for their labor and loyalty. Institutional racism is
more subtle, less visible, and less identifiable but no less destructive to human life and
human dignity than individual acts of racism. Institutional racism deprives a racially
identified group, usually defined as generally inferior to the defining dominant group,
equal access to an treatment in education, medical care, law, politics, housing, etc. -
Louis L. Knowles and Kenneth Prewitt, editors, Institutional Racism in America
(Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969).
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